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T-N֊U ;ˑ ij Vfx[ DE@PRXB` C 1. A-rX }Pg@ [OwX  ) DE@VRXB` C` 2. [Ow \ mX D DE@ ]RXB` C 3. mX  ) DE@`cRXB`# C`b!. Vfx[v T-N֊U  \ g1zX D m tՅ DE@iRXB` C 1. [OwX ij `t \ DE@oRXB` C 2.  R Ǵ | P[ DՔX DE@ vRXB` C` 3. mX `@ [v `t DȲ DE@`|RXB` C 4. m f DE@RXB` Cc!. й DE@RXB` DE@ RXB` DE@`RXB` DE@RXB` DE@RXB` DE@ RXB` DE@`RXB` DE@RXB` DE@RXB` DE@ RXB` DE@`RXB` DE@RXB` DE@RXB` DE@ RXB` DE@`RXB` DE@RXB` DE@RXB` DE@ RXB` DE@`RXB` DE@RXB` C@pngponwn`!. 䴴 й D E@xxHGpngp-GonwnB` DE@RXB` C<Rg[OxQX }w`` | P ,t}xQX zz``D |\ T-N֊U@ $Ɯ 0 x 䲑\ | 0. 9j(Ngrjuna: 150^250C.E. nf)X ;| ȹ T!qOuu(Akutobhay)U| X id X  TQvuU, /UX֊+^x !q@w(AsaEga: 390^470C.E.)X T-N֊U [ga(Sthiramati: 510^570C.E.)X T'YXN-Nˑ֊U, xk,֊Iv -N>m(prsaEgika)\ X [Ow(Buddhaplita: 470^540)X T9h,g-N֊l(Mklamadhyamakav[tti)U@ g1z(Candrak+rti: 600^650C.E.)X TmfS֊ nf(Prasannapad)U, z֊Iv -N>m(svtantrika)\  m(Bhvaviveka: 500^570C.E.)X T,tq֊(Prajprad+pa)U t tXՔ t. Dv.ArERX0@RXsRX!RX(RX5@.RX4RX:RXG nf)HB`C @onta C.E.:  Common Era(8^v N) X vW[.  A.D.(Anno Domini: Ƭ زX ) @  B.C.(Before Christ:  t) ȅPX 8Ĭ | T t0 lQv NJ֊X 4X X JD| ` t. % 0@  B.C.E.(Before Common Era: 8^v N NMR)\ \0\. D E X( G onta)G nf)HB`EC onta tǔ q\SvX Ŵt(q\Sv o, TmfS֊h0e0O00g1z -N֊ˑ NU(_eXf?b, N, -fT22t^)). D E @G onta)B`  C:p t X   YՐt ɍx D tǔ X X՘ [OwX  )D X LX m g1zX |t. |X @ [OwX T9h,g-N֊lU \ mX D . [OwX T9h,g-N֊lU DP \ \ 9j \ dilemma tetralemma| X $ X X<\  X . nf p t\  )@ T,tq֊UD t m Xt DD  . DX @  [Ow@ @ )X @  Xt D y, -fT57t^), p. 11. D E @G onta)G nf)HB`C ;onta William L. Ames,  Bhvaviveka s Prajprad+pa - A Translation of Chapter One:  Examinations of Causal Conditions (Pratyaya) , Journal of Indian Philosophy(Netherlands: Kulwer Academic Publishers, 1993), pp. 222^223. t @ TmfS֊U g1z Xt xǩ(Louis de la Valle Poussin,  Mklamadhyamakiks de Ngrjuna avec la Prasannapad Commenataire de Candrak+rti , Bibliotheca Buddhica c!(Tokyo: Meicho-Fukyk-Kai, 1977), pp. 14^15[N N |8 t ED p`` L Prasannapad,\ }m\.]). D  m  E h(  pPG onta)B` Cm /UXA+^(Vijnavdin)| X, P xX ι@ A+^@ >mX Af 1 ljXX ֊tx[D ijXm - 0-0A00C000-0n0zz``hsc, T^'YXN[ONe7 - -N``U, ^X E, pp. 153^154 8p. D E DG onta)B`W C hq\ĖN(K0X00~00F0D0a0)@ tu%mw(F00F0e000F0W00)@, ǽ| @ X| X D |0\ m g1zX ``v z0W| L t DP\. DERX/RXB` DE@RXB` Chq\ĖN: m@ [OwX X|D DXt X ɬ| [v ` Xt |X$ X, & g1z@ ȸ ` X\ 1X |D >ehX, 1X |@ $ƈ$ X| ֊tv | Xt̹ X ȥX. nf DE@ / _ G nf)HB` C onta hq\ĖN, ^X E, pp. 14^15. D E @G onta)B`L C tu%mw: g1z@ sX |YD L ̹ m t |x Ĭ| X D |X$ X JX. nf DE / G nf)HB`AC onta tu%mw, bxk,AI>m - [Owh0g1zc, T^'YXN[ONe7 - -N``U, ^X E, p. 129. D E @G onta)B` DE@@ RXB`1 C &췘 TmfS֊UD ųXՌ t Ƭ t\  YՐX t  \ lD XՌ . `D \ T-N֊U  t Dt| g1zt [OwX   t (hetu: V) @  @(d[cmnta: U) X X| ͜tմ, `X l1 1D RXp mX D ޹ [Ow| 98X0ij X nf, mt XՔ `t \ `t DȲ| DX0ij \. nf 0| m g1zX t ˆ `X ŀ| X t| ` ” D t. DE RX1RXcRX@$RX*RX0RXG nf)HB`C onta Prasannapad, p. 21. D  E @G onta)G nf )HB`C onta X E, p. 30. D E @G onta )B`^ C DՐǔ | t TmfS֊U xǩ mX |  ) \ g1zX DD t h<\h ŐX  (t| m gqft ଐ X. DE7RX1@=RXB` DE@CRXB` Ca!. T-N֊U ;ˑ ij Vfx[ D E@IxxHB` DE@RRXB` C1. A-rX }Pg@ [OwX  ) DE@XB` DE@@`RXB`6 CTmfS֊U g1z@ L @ T-N֊U ,{1 V}T ,{1HP| }Pg\ D |X| x. DEfRX3lRXB` DE@sRXB`O C Ť t, Ő , ¤\t, x <\0t, iQt, !qV<\t | @ < Ǵ\0>[X JŔ䲔 ;]x, DȲt <x Ǵ\0>[XJŔ䲔 ;]x? ij Ť ;x? ̹| < Ǵ\0>[X JŔ䲔 ;t]|t [ Y  йXՔ] @bID [] zIXՔ 4t . ̹| <x Ǵ\0>[X JŔ䲔 ;t]|t X t nj . \аXt  tȬX ǔ,  @ <x Ǵ Xt> \ t0 L8t | ` t  nf DEU 7@[ g` f  l q -`w G nf)HB`8C 'onta yasyC sCkhy% pratyavasthsyante/ ko'yaC pratijrtha%/ kiC krytmakt svata uta kraGtmakd iti /kiC cta% /krytmakc cet siddhasdhanaC/ kraGtmakc ced viruddhrthat/ kraGtman vidyamnasyaiva sarvasyotpattimata utpdd iti/(Prasannapad, pp. 17^18). , William L. Ames, ^X E, p. 222. 8p. D  7E d(  R,G onta)B` DE@}RXB` C,  <@ ¤\ X JŔ [OwX ȥt  <@ Ǵ\0 X JŔ X|t tǔ Y ij xXՔ  nft0, Y Xt ǝX (@bI)D ǝXՔ 4t  -Nx[>m X ȥt|  mX P  |  t0 L8t. ,  ǻ ȥ(pakcbhsa: y, -fT19t^), pp. 363^376]. D E \G $7@)-h2*6_;G onta)G nf)HB`6C onta bzAI>m - 0-0A00C000-0n0zz``hsc, ^X E, p. 164 8p. D E @0@G onta)B`@ C m@  tȬǔ ¤\ X JŔ(l Nu) l t L @ )<\ \. DE@~RX2RXB` DE@RXB`( Cȥ([):  R Ǵ , gQeQU ¤\ X JŔ DE@ B` Ct (V):  tȬX 0 L8 DE@ B`% C@(U): ȹX Ƭ(caitanya)@ t nf DE@@ G nf)HB`C onta na paramrthata dhytmiknyyatanni svata utpannni/ vidyamnatvt/ caitanyavad iti/(Prasannapad, pp. 26^27). gQeQI{ !qw N@b NL N gEe lY`(,tq֊, 'Yck.30, p. 52c). D ` lE DgdIR,G onta)B` DE@RXB`# C`b!. Vfx[v T-N֊U  \ g1zX D m tՅ D "E@ xxHB` DE@RXB` C1. [OwX ij `t \ DE@B` DE@RXB`" C@[Ow  l Nu t L t \  . DE@ RXB` DE@RXB`/CtȬ@ ¤\ X JŔ.  (tat) t XՔ @ 4uX0 L8 DE@@ B` DE@RXB` Ct @ `X |  X0 )D $ݴ`  䲔 mX D t |XX g1z@ t D `X \ l1\. g1z@ L t $\: X  XՔ  (tat) t|  ¤\  tȬX ǔ  D 0 nf X @ L t Դ  . DE &RX0`,RXb2RX8RXG nf)HB`UC onta atra hi tadityanena svtman vidyamnasya parmar[a%/(Prasannapad, p. 20). D ? KE @G onta)B` DE@ ?RXB`6 CtȬ@ ¤\ X JŔ. ¤\  tȬX ǔ t XՔ @ 4uX0 L8 DE`E 0K B` DE@PRXB`c C`,0  ¤\  tȬXՔ  @  t (hetu) t,  XՔ @ 4uX0 L8 | l@  ɕ(sdhya dharma)' t. nf  ¤\  tȬX ǔ t XՔ @ 4uX0 L8 | 8Ŕ )ij |<\ xXՔ(prasiddha: uib), @bI(sdhya) I(sdhana)D  ٳx @(sdharmya d[cmnta)X X  . nf ,  ȹX <@ t | t  t|  . nf t @ g1zX  | P [OwX D `<\ l1Xt L . DE VRX7 ]RXx`cRXiRXoRX5 vRXG nf)HB`xC onta tatra svtman vidyamnasya ityanena hetuparmar[a%/ utpdavaiyarthyd ityanena sdhyadharmaparmar[a%/(X E). D E d4 G onta)G nf)HB`nC onta anena ca vkyena sdhyasdhanadharmnugatasya paraprasiddhasya sdharyad[cmnatasya updnaC/(X E). D E  chG onta)G nf)HB`C onta  0 <¤\  tȬX ǔ[Il: sdhana]>, XՔ <<[[O: d[cmnata]> t <  JL[@bIl: sdhya]>t vyw (iha svtman vidyamnaC puro 'vasthitaC ghamdikaC punar utpda anapekcaC d[cmam: X E, p. 21). D E K0 G onta)B` DE@`|RXB`0 Cȥ: tȬt ¤\  XՔ @ 4uX(ɕ: sdhya dharma) DE@ B`! C t : ¤\  tȬX 0 L8(t : hetu) DE@@ B`K C` @: ¤\  tȬX ǔ t XՔ @ 4uX. ȹX <@ t(ٳ @: sdharmya d[cmnta) DE 1 B` DE@ RXB` C@ [OwX @ `X |  X mX D t, g1z@  [OwX  t @ @|  `<\ l1`   XՔ t. 0 Ƭ xk,AI>m(prsaEgika)X 1 \ |x tt@ 첬 g1zt ` D <\ 0\ ̹@ DȲ| D Ux`  . DE `RX4RXgRX RXB` DE@`B` C@2.  R Ǵ | P[ DՔX DE@B` DE@`RXB` C@g1z@ mt  gQeQU ¤\ X JŔ ȥD ǝX0 \ `D l1` L,  R Ǵ | P[| x e t / N[D \ X | DX ǔp, nf t| }Xt L . DERX2RXf RXG nf)HB`"C @onta Prasannapad, pp. 26^28. D  !E @R,G onta)B` C,  R Ǵ ǘ ¤\ X J̹  NO Ǵ ǘ ¤\ \䲔 X  X Ǵ | \Ȭ| t|  D t. 췘 8 Ǵij ǘ̔ ¤\ X JŔ. (W X Ĭ| \ ܴ T;z}(Zlistambasktra)UX 8 nf t, 8ij ¤\ XՔ @ . DE RX3@RXf RXRXG nf)HB`,C %onta  , (WD x<\ X XՔ x t @ ¤\ ɴ ij DȲ, x Xt ɴ ij DȲp, Ő ɴ ij DȲ, D4 x t \ ij DȲ, (W)Y, , _uX, , 1 1 ij DȲ (sa cyaC b+jahetuko'Ekura utpadyamno na svayaCk[to na parak[to nobhayak[to npyahetusamutpanno ne[varaklGuprak[tisvabhvasaCbhktaiti: X E, p. 26). D E @ A {,!TG onta)B` CX, ǘ ¤\ \ XՔ X D P P  X Ǵ ǘ ¤\ X JŔ й\ t| tij 3 J. \аXt  ¤\ \ t`@  8 Ǵ ij D| X0 L8t. X@ 8D lXՔ N抪 t 4\ ) t Rt NOt  ¤\ \ t`D Dt ȴ| ` t. DE@ RX1@RXd%RX+RX2RXB` C K, |xX D $X  X Ǵ | \Ȭ| t| tij 3 J. \аXt |x@  Vg֊ ij̹ ttX  u֊ tǘ  Nu֊ @ P\ 8 t ij X J0 L8t. DE@8RX2>RXhDRXB` C@#7,  8 Ǵ ǘ@ ¤\ X JŔ ȥD DX0 t  X Ǵ ǘ@ ¤\ X JŔ ȥD \ t|t  >m xX JŔ p| T  ȥX $X(pakca doca) `Ɍ . ,   tȬX 0 L8 | t XXՔ lx  ǘ X tȬ| m ij xX J0   tȬX 0 L8 | t ǔ  t XXՔ t 1(@bO Nb: [raya asiddha) x $X `. DE KRX3@QRXeWRX]RXdRX@jRXB` C/,  8 Ǵ,  0X ǘt ¬X0 L8 $ йXՔ $X ` JŔ й\t,  X Ǵ 8X ǘ@ ¤\ X JŔ ȥLjմ| ` t. 췘  йX JX. , $9  йXT|ij ǔ (E@ 5RX B` C@t : 0 ¤\  tȬX 0 L8 DE@  B` C@: ȹX ̿@ t nf DE@ G nf)HB`C onta atha vymanya% prayogamrga%/ purucavyatirikt% padrth% svata utpattivdina%/ tat eva/ na svata utpadyate/ svtman vidyamnatvt/ purucavat/ it+dam udharaGam udhryaC/(X E, p. 22). D E f %R,G onta)B` DE@` B` C 3. mX `@ [v `t DȲ DE@B` DE@RXB`  C@!^  p`t  R Ǵ | \Ȭ t DXX g1z@,   R Ǵ <8X ǘ>@ ¤\ X JŔ ȥXT|ij, ǔ (sRX{yRX RX`RX+RXbRXG nf!)HB`C onta FU;N, ^X E, p. 11c:  \ t |<\ x JŔ @ | 䴴 | Pij t  D(̹@ ȹLt | XՔ  (aprasiddhavi[ecyo yath sCkhyasya bauddhaC prati cetan tmeti// @b%R Nuib Yxe֊+^ \[O_P[ b/f`). t Ɣ N>m t @b%R Nuibx ȥD \ ̹, mt 8Ɣ ȥ@ >m t @b%R Nuibt. D E D8`G onta!)G nf")HB`C onta X E:   @ ´t. 1t XX0 L8 | XՔ @ D¬` t XXՔ t 1x t (dravyam k[aC guG[rayatvd ity k[sattvdinaC praty [raysiddha%// [zz[ g _@bOEe \!qzzA @bOgb). D E @ (%G onta")B`_ C+t mX ` \ g1zX t@ @ @ 4D XXՔ? ,gz 1 Xt g1z@ [OwX D  t  @  @ |  `X \ l1X0ij \. 0| g1zt `X D <\ \ ̹@ Dزt UX. t T-N֊UD XՔ m t ǽ `(svatantra anumna)D l1XՌ t @ @ | $X |00 [Ow@ @ X |,  X `(prasaEga anumna) Xt T-N֊UD t| \䲔 t g1zX Ae|L? tǴɔ |X Ƭ g1zX Dt t@ x } t踴 D Ux`  . DE RX2`RXfRXRX RX `RX>RXB` Cg1z@ mt lXX 䲑\ `D Xp, `   t (hetu) , sX Vfx[ йXՔ ueqQ1X t  nf  \䲔 D XՔ t. ueqQ1X t ǀ z֊ ue \ PŌ x t | й\. g1zX D@ L . | 䴴, DE RX2 RXnRX@RXG nf#)HB`lC monta sX TVfckt֊,gU ueqQ1X t t L t й\:   Ť Ŕ ([: pakca)tǀ й\ ̹ [](dharma)̹D XX0ij \. t     [t (hetu)\X] ([l: pakcasya dharma) @ |D l1\ !(֊)tǘ \ (ue֊) P UXՌ xXՔ ̹D D\.  [t (hetu)\X (dharma)t]  @ ( TT: sapkaca)  tȬ\(sattva) p  tȬX JŔ(asattva)  t@ ȹ,[\ `ǘ  P xXՔ tǴ| \]. \ ? tȬ` x(\OV: kraka hetu)t %(w) Xt ǩXՔ 첬, t Ŕ $  x` x(INV= NV: jpaka hetu) ̹ XXՔ tǴ x%(zfR) Xt  D LŌ 0 L8t (b g[r /Unel dk-N[l /USzA SueA zl[ T1 e TT-N g^ gI{ N_Y/f UONEe Ndk/UO INVEe FO1uzfR N@b ^YuV 1uw(u('YW郩, TVfckt֊,gU('Yck.32), p. 1b). t t ZlokavrttikaX x Nyyaratnkara L t $\:  \ X ¹ s `@  Xt UXՌ x t It| й\ (bhavad-v[ddhair eva hi DiEngcryair yo vdi-prativdi-ni[cito hetu% sa sdhanam ity uktam(-NQgCQ, 000֊tx[n0n0_00k0 - 000֊tx[$ SƖb(N, l}eSOxvz@b, -fT58t^), p. 78 xǩ)). D b ov E )?\.( F Px/ s$4)-B\2G onta#)B` DE@ RXB`$ Cȥ:  R Ǵ gQeQU x } X JŔ. DE@ B` Ct : x t0 L8 DE@` B`  C@: ȹX, < nf@ t nf DE@ G nf$)HB`hC onta D( P8Ŕ 7(pama)<\  ̹ Ҡ 8 "ooe('Yck.30, p. 52c) P <(ghama: u)\  0 @ t \. D E 6F;G onta$)G nf%)HB`C onta na paramrthata% parebhyas tat pratyayebhya dhytmikyatanajanma/ paratvt/ tad yath pamasya/(Prasannapad, p. 31). ,{N-N gQeQ N_|_}u UONEe NNEe lYuI{(,tq֊('Yck.30), p. 52c). D i uE 0@fDXIG onta%)B` DE@#RXB`  CA| `D l1`  x t0 L8(paratvt) | t ǔ -NA+^x ` ! Xt x JŔ t (svatas asiddha hetu nf)t. \ x ȥD  ǔ !t ` 䴴 X ȥD ǝX0 t  t ǔ ! P Xt x tǴ| ` t. Ő \ ̹ xXՔ t | p, ! P xX JŔ t | <\h `D l1XՌ t tǔ \ `t  D t. s MR@ @  t  |  N Nb(anyatara asiddha) X $X nf ` t | йXp, _@ @ t |  xO Nb(ubhaya asiddha) X $X nf ` t | ܭ\. N NbX $X  l1z(dharmak+rti: 600^660C.E.) Xt >m Nb(vdina% asiddha)X $X nf@ N>m Nb(prativdy asiddha) nfX $X\ 8. DE@)RX6 0RXy`6RX<RXBRX IRXU`ORXURX[RXG nf&)HB`C C `Honta t \  YՐX @ L : `$ The reason  because they are separate (entities) is not a valid middle term, since (for the author of these syllogisms) himself it has no (ultimate) reality (Stcherbatsky, The Conception of Buddhist NirvGa(Leningrad, Publishing Office of the Academy of Sciences of the Ussr, 1927), p. 114). a$ ꁉ0 Nbzk0a0L0D0j0D0 (,gY`, 0000000000 - 0000000 - To(, 'YӗPq}[ONeOxvzb, 1988), p. 25). b$ {0K0j00Z0ꁉ000W0f0S0]0bzW0f0D0j0D00n0g0B00 (gYOOk, ^X E, p. 79). t  a$,gY` b$gYOOkX XpX tt` X UXՌ ܴ췘 JŔ. 췘 `$StcherbatskyX t tt` tǔ l1zX Nyyabindu йXՔ >m NbzX m ¤\ \ 1(svayam-vdina%-asiddha) t (acetan% sukha-daya iti sdhye utpattimatvaC anityaC v sCkhyasya svayaC vdino asiddham// Stcherbatsky,  Nyyabindu , 3-62(Bibliotheca Buddhica c!(Tokyo: Meicho-Fukyk-Kai, 1977), p. 63). D   !E @ 4IȒ\FG onta))G nf*)HB`C <onta  [ȥ:] 4(taru)@ ȹL(cetana)t 䲔 (sdhya) t, [t :] [4@] ͮD t Ȕ| XՔ @  \ 1(prativdin-asiddha) t. [\аXt] (X: vijna), (indriya), (yus)X xt LX (lakcaGa)t| t [Pijx] tǽ Xt x0(abhyupagama) L8t. t 4Ŕ tȬX J0 L8t (cetans tarava iti sdhye sarva-tvag-apaharaGe maraGaC prativdy-asiddham, vijna-indriya-yur nirodha-lakcaGasya maraGasya anena abhyupagamt, tasya ca tarucv asambhavt// Stcherbatsky,  Nyyabindu 3-61, X E). D E O4  \y G onta*)B`| Cp, mt l1\ X ` x  x t0 L8 | t ǔ N NbX $X, T йXt >m NbX $X ` t t. sX Vfx[ Dʹ t tǔ \ `t  . DERX2@RXe RXB`a C g1z@ t txij mt lXՔ `D  xǩXt L x t @ P >m Xt x JŔ t (svatas asiddha hetu)| й\. DERX1RXB` DE@@RXB`$ Cȥ: R Ǵ [ǩXՔ] @ [D] \ DE@% B` Ct : \; 129 8p). D E @@ G onta0)B` Cm: Ƭ  8 Ǵ [ WԚ x]  gQeQU ,  < ,  m Xt x  0 t| -NA+^ 8 [v `<\ t WԚ NbX  ǻ ȥ tǘ, @bO Nb, N NbX  ǻ t  |  `t  ̹䲔 t g1z DX t. 췘  R Ǵ | P[̹ p\t mt l1X X `@ g1z Xtij \ ©  . \аXt mt l1\ ` X t DžȘ @ P X 8Ĭ X 1 t| `  0 L8t. g1zt 0 mt l1XՔ ` sx Vfx[ \ `<\ x XՔ xk,v `tX t. \ո m@ t ^X D t qwX ̹    t  X ¬1t  8X (  -Nx[>m Xt x  0, ȥDž ^  R Ǵ | P[̹ \t t l1\ `@ | $X Š  X. DE@@RX0RXa!RX(RX@.RX4RX.:RX_ARX@GRXMRXSRX)ZRX]@`RXB`  CC!@ T-N֊UX D \ `X l1 1 ŀ| P \ ij DȲ, `  ȥDžȘ t DžX 1D 8 D \ ij DȲ. URveQv<\ йXt, !@ T-N֊UX ;ˑ XՔ ijX (t\ xt XǬX D X t. , NOX ( T-N֊UD ` x, DȲt RX ( T-N֊UD ` x ŀ| !@ XX t. nf m@ `  PX ¬1D xXՔ  8X ( T-N֊UD X$ X0, 8X ( |<\ x XՔ T-N֊U ȥDž ^  R Ǵ | P[| D s Vfx[ йXՔ  ȥX $X ` JŔ `D l1Xଐ \ t, g1z@  RX (  T-N֊UD X$ X0 ȥDž ^ st  R Ǵ | \Ȭ| DՔij m(svtantrika) 8 (  8ĬX ¬1t 1 ȥXp, xk,AI>m(prsaEgika) 8 (p(  8ĬX ¬1D x\ . 췘 L tǴɔ TsoE kha paX xǩ8 t X| X ij 8 ( t $X . , t A+^(= m)X Af [0@ 첬] ij <@ ´ Xt t踴 ij DȲ, ´\ \ ij DȲp, ´<\ t踴 ij DȲ| $X . 0| [X| @ ǽ| |] lXՔ @ } J. &  (Donald S. Lopez Jr., A Study of Svtantrika(New York, Sow Lion Pulication, 1987), pp. 68^69). D  E @ H(  P0jx $G onta3)